Which combination of domestic issues is most likely to trigger protests in Iran?

• A. Economic hardship, political repression, corruption, and environmental problems
• B. Economic hardship, political repression, corruption, women's rights, and environmental problems
• C. Economic hardship, political repression, and corruption
• D. Environmental problems and women's rights

Answer: (B)

Protests in Iran tend to erupt when people face multiple, overlapping grievances across economy, politics, social rights, and the environment. Economic hardship and sanctions fuel anger about living standards, while political repression and corruption undermine trust in rulers and institutions. Women’s rights have become a powerful mobilizing issue, drawing in broad segments of society and highlighting restrictions on personal freedoms. Environmental problems—like water shortages and pollution—create urgent, localized grievances that add to the pressure for change. When all these tensions collide, as in the option that includes economic hardship, political repression, corruption, women’s rights, and environmental problems, the potential for broad, sustained protests is greatest. Other options miss one or more of these major drivers, making widespread mobilization less likely.