What are bonyads, and what role do they play in Iran's politics?

• A. Large quasi-charitable foundations with extensive business holdings, often linked to political elites, that influence the economy and public policy.
• B. They are religious courts.
• C. They are political parties.
• D. They are foreign NGOs.

Answer: (A)

Bonyads are large quasi-charitable foundations in Iran that hold extensive business holdings and assets, often tied to religious and political elites. They were set up to manage welfare and charitable endowments, but over time they built a vast economic footprint, controlling enterprises across sectors such as housing, construction, energy, and manufacturing. This economic power translates into political influence because bonyads can fund programs, create employment, and steer resources with less budgetary scrutiny than government ministries. When these foundations are connected to elites and clerical networks, they act as patronage platforms, distributing favors and mobilizing support to shape policy in ways that reinforce elite interests. In short, bonyads blend welfare activities with substantial economic and political leverage, making them a key force in Iran’s political economy.

They are not religious courts, political parties, or foreign NGOs.